What kind of permissions are required for running a query with Redshift Spectrum?

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Running a query with Redshift Spectrum requires specific permissions mainly because it interfaces with external data stored in Amazon S3. To execute such a query, the user must have usage permission on the schema that contains the external table definitions, allowing them to access the external tables. Additionally, the user must have permission to create temporary tables in order to execute queries effectively, as Redshift uses temporary tables for query processing involving external data.

These permissions ensure that the user has properly scoped access to the necessary resources while maintaining security within the data governance policies of the environment. Without these permissions, the user would not be able to successfully run any queries against external tables, leading to operational difficulties.

The other options do not fully capture the requirements for accessing Redshift Spectrum. For instance, just having database permissions or read permission alone would not suffice since accessing external tables involves both schema usage and temporary table creation rights. Therefore, the combination of usage permission on the schema and permission to create temporary tables is essential for successfully running queries with Redshift Spectrum.